the U.S. with biofuel derived from algae under intensive cultivation requires only
15,000 square kilometers, roughly the size of Maryland
(43). "
The use of biofuels is not only an economical and secure alternative to
fossil fuels, but also has many positive environmental aspects and social:
(i) biodiesel is biodegradable and harmless
(ii) can be produced from renewable raw materials
(iii) or methyl esters of fatty acids do not contain sulfur
(iv) biodiesel significantly reduces emissions of soot (50%)
(v) of biodiesel emit the same amount of CO2 which is absorbed during the cultivation of oilseed
(vi) does not contain any of the carcinogens found in diesel fuel
(vii) biodiesel) is not considered a hazardous material
(viii) there are numerous social and economic benefits of its use,
particularly in developing countries like Malaysia.
(ix) a biodiesel is output for the vegetable oil industry,
serving as an important tool for the regulation of the market and
(X) increases the life of the engine due to a superior ability to lubrication.
 | |
| Installation of a closed system of growing algae with water recycling |
HISTORY
In its most general sense, biodiesel is derived from biomass to replace any
Today, biodiesel has come to mean a chemical modification very Specific natural oils.
The idea of producing methane gas from algae has been proposed in the early 1950.
The crises of 1970's oil led the government funded several studies on
fuel algae in France, Germany, Japan and USA and other countries in a
attempt to increase energy security.
From 1978 to 1996, the U.S. Department of
Aquatic Species Energy Office of Fuels Development funded the Aquatic Species
Program (ASP) to develop transportation fuels from renewable
algas. The main focus of the program was the production of biodiesel from lipids
a high content of algae grown in ponds, utilizing waste CO2 from power stations
. coal.Research centered on the production of lipids and algae that could survive in
. extreme temperatures, pH and salinity.
After construction of two of 1000 meters square of open pond algae found that ASP was only
economically viable as a biofuel in oil prices over $ 60 . per barrel.
3,000 species analyzed, 300 were selected for the qualities
ideal and research was conducted on a large scale using lagoons 90%
. CO2 injected.
Reported yields a single day over a year have been so
high as 50 g of algae per square meter per day, a long-term goal for
the program, and could probably be much higher if not hindered by night
cold in the desert, outdoor research facility, which reduced growth rates.
The Clinton administration ended the program 11 years ago, after spending US $ 25
million as low oil prices the day became economically unattractive (5,
27). 27).
Much of the DOE publications from this period reflect a philosophy of energy research that could, somewhat pejoratively, to be called "quads mentality." A quadrilateral is a name for the short-term power unit of DOE often used to describe the amount of energy a given technology may be able to replace.
Quad is short for "quadrillion BTUs," a unit of energy representing 1015
(1.000.000.000.000.000) Btus of energy. This perspective led DOE to focus on
. concept of immense algae farms. At the close of the program, two hundred thousand
hectares (less than 0.1% of climatically appropriate areas of land, USA) could produce one quad of fuel with biofuels from algae.
Process Technology
Biofuel production can be described in several general steps:
Growth and biomass production, harvesting and transport, depolymerization of
. carbohydrate fermentation, purification and distribution.
 | ||
| Concept of a life cycle of biofuels from algae |
The DOE proposed seaweed farms on a large scale with large surface area
The program target of coal and other fossil fuels in power plants
as the main sources of CO2 emissions.
Coal power plants emit typical
gases flue gases of their cells contain up to 13% CO2.
This high concentration
CO2 increases the transfer and absorption of CO2 in the ponds. The concept of
coal power plant coupled with an algae farm provides an approach
elegant for recycling CO2 from burning coal in a fuel
The Aquatic Species Program envisioned a multitude of
tradicional. algae ponds covering acres of land analogous to traditional farming.
These large
farms would be located adjacent to stations. The bubbling of gas
combustion of a power plant in these ponds provides a recycling scheme
waste CO2 from burning fossil fuel.
The broth produced in the algae production stage of biomass must remain
. recovering the processed biomass. The nutrients and waste water recovered in this
phase can be recycled to the biomass the growing stage concentrate is extracted with an immiscible solvent in water to oil recovery algae, which can then be converted to biodiesel using existing methods.
The broth produced in the algae production stage of biomass must remain recovering the processed biomass. The nutrients and waste water recovered in this
phase can be recycled to the biomass the growing stage.
The slurry of biomass concentrate is extracted with an immiscible solvent in water to oil recovery
algae, which can then be converted to biodiesel using existing methods.
The broth produced in the algae production stage of biomass must remain
. recovering the processed biomass. The nutrients and waste water recovered in this . .
phase can be recycled to the biomass the growing stage.concentrate is extracted with an immiscible solvent in water to oil recovery , which can then be converted to biodiesel using existing methods . .
To minimize costs, the biomass must be produced using sunlight
freely available and is affected by fluctuations such as daily and seasonal
in light levels. Microalgae can be grown in large scale photobioreactors.
Many different designs of photobioreactors have been developed, but a
tubular photobioreactor seems to be most satisfactory for the production of algal biomass
on the scale needed for biofuel production.
The tubular photobioreactor comprises an array of straight tubes
transparent are usually made of plastic or glass. solar collector, captures sunlight for photosynthesis. The tube solar collectors are
generally less than 0.1 m in diameter to allow light to penetrate a volume
. significant cell suspension. Microalgae broth is dispensed from a
reservatório (as shown in the degassing column to the solar collector and
volta para o reservatório. back to the reservoir. A photobioreactor is typically operated as a culture
. continuously during the day.
In a continuous culture, fresh culture medium is fed into
a constant rate and the same amount of microalgal broth is withdrawn
at night, however, the mixture should broth
continuing to prevent the sedimentation of the biomass.
As much as 25% of the biomass
produced during the day can be consumed during the evening to maintain the cells to dawn.The extent of this loss depends on the night light level in the biomass
. was grown, the growth temperature and night temperature.
ADVANTAGES OF ALGAE BIODIESEL
Oilseed crops such as soybeans and palm oil, are widely used in
biodiesel, however, producing oil in amounts which are
(eg, less than 5% of the total biomass basis) compared with
microalgas . microalgae.
"Algae grow quickly consume carbon dioxide and may generate
more than 5000 liters per hectare per year biofuel, compared with 350
gallons per year for corn ethanol. Algas combustível baseado pode ser adicionado Algal-based fuel can be added
directly in refining and distribution of existing systems, in theory, the U.S. could
. produce enough to meet all transportation needs of the country.
Biodiesel performs as well as petroleum diesel, while reducing
emissions of particulate matter, hydrocarbons, CO, and SOx. NOx emissions are
. however, higher biodiesel in many engines. Biodiesel praticamente elimina o Biodiesel virtually eliminates
black soot emissions associated with diesel engines. Emissions
material . Total particulate matter are also much lower. Outros benefícios ambientais do Other environmental benefits of
as biodiesel include the fact that it is highly biodegradable and which seems to reduce the
emissions of toxic and carcinogenic air (relative to petroleum diesel).
.Algae absorb carbon dioxide and prevents eutrophication of water bodies.
Ideally, microalgal biodiesel can be carbon neutral, because all
powers necessary for the production and processing of seaweeds potentially could come
yourself and biodiesel from methane produced by anaerobic digestion
. biomass residue behind after the oil has been extracted. Apesar de biodiesel de Although biodiesel
microalgae can be carbon neutral, will not result in a net reduction of
carbon dioxide that has accumulated as a result of burning fossil fuels.
A country like the United States requires about 0.53 billion m3 of biodiesel
a year at the current rate of consumption, if all petroleum products and transport
Therefore, the production of 0530000000
of biodiesel in the U.S. needs as transport fuel, would require
3% os microalgae to be cultivated in an area of 5.4 million hectares or only 3% of the
EU área de cultivo. U.S. area of cultivation. This is one possible scenario, even if the algal biomass contains
apenas 15% de óleo em peso seco. only 15% by dry weight of oil. O tempo de duplicação da biomassa de microalgas The doubling time of the biomass of microalgae
. during the exponential growth can be as short as 3.5 h.
In the biofuel production of algae can potentially result in
nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, soil amendments,
ergy production, and more. can be grown all year round.If the weather is good for the strain of algae, the station
growth is continuing.
The selection and application of production processes is dependent on water
available, the type of seaweed, in the form of light, the main product is intended, as well as
integridade do produto a jusante. integrity of the product downstream.
Algae ethanol in the past has been plagued with high costs of extraction and
low conversion rates as a possible candidate for the production of
. biofuels.
Dozens of companies have begun pilot projects and small scale production.
But producing algae biofuels in quantity means finding sources
reliable low-cost nutrient and water management that can reduce pathogens
. income and develop and grow the algae more productive varieties.
Microalgal biomass with an oil content of 55% must be produced in
less than $ 340/ton to be competitive with petroleum diesel. The literature suggests
que, atualmente, a biomassa de microalgas podem ser produzida cerca de 3000 dólares a that, currently, the microalgal biomass can be produced around 3000 dollars
This analysis ignores income from waste biomass. conversion of algal biomass tons biodiesel is likely to be less expensive than the conversion of a barrel of crude oil to different fuels.
None of biodiesel is commercially produced from soybean oil in the U.S.
and canola oil in Europe can compete with petroleum-based diesel, without the
tax credits, carbon credits and other similar grants it receives.
Impediments to large scale culture of microalgae are primarily
economic. a Specific outstanding technological issues are effective methods for
recovery of algal biomass produced in the dilute broth photobioreactors. Beyond
, addition, extraction processes are needed for the recovery of algae oil
from moist biomass folders without the need for drying. Algae the ability to
biomass production (ie, yield) of a given installation photobioreactor
depends on geographical latitude where the facility is located.
Genetics and engineering
metabolism are likely to have the greatest impact on improving the economics of production
diesel from microalgae, with little progress made since the 1990s.
Genetic and metabolic engineering are likely to have the greatest impact on improving
conomy of the diesel production of microalgae (36).
a Engineering molecular level can be used potentially for: (i) improve
, (ii) photosynthetic efficiency and biomass increase the light yield, (ii) increase the rate
, (iii) (iv) melhorar a biomass growth, (iii) raising the oil content in the biomass, and (iv) improved
temperature tolerance of algae so that there is less need for
cooling. Engineering of algae or not photoinhibited or has a threshold light
biodiesel. inhibition significantly improve the production of biodiesel.
Engineering of algae photoinhibited or not or have a light threshold inhibition significantly improve the production of biodiesel.
"Of the approximately 170 next-generation biofuels projects around the
(, em world that are in any stage of development (operating in
construction or in design), only 30 percent of those are actually expected to be
disse Hart Energy Consulting. operating during the study period, and many of these are still in the pilot project, "said Hart Energy Consulting.
Other countries provided by the report to start contributing significantly to the production of biofuels in the world in 2015 are: Argentina, China, Colombia, France, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. ", "World demand for ethanol will represent 12 to 14 percent of all global gasoline by 2015," said Global Biofuels Outlook: 2009-2015 report Hart Energy Consulting . Hart Energy Consulting.
"I believe the most significant barriers to the transition of engines
internal combustion engine for any alternative energy source are cost,
." Williams da consumer acceptance, and availability of fueling stations. "Williams of
Shell . Shell.
"For the algae to be viable on a global scale in the short term investments
capital and government support in the form of incentives are needed, as well as
incentives were given to fossil crude producers over the past 50
years, "said Tim Zenk of Sapphire.
David Haberman, President of the renewable energy business finance IF
LLC, , believes algae-based fuels "will be positioned to meet the requirements
" O national transport, where the cultivation of algae on a large scale is reached. "The time that depends on issues including the scale of funding available and risk management.
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
The Department of Energy has announced it will invest millions of dollar
in stimulus money in "advanced" biofuels that can be derived from algae and other raw materials.
INVESTIMENT TO BIG BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT TRENDS
"I think there are a number of promising alternative energy sources,
including biofuels, gas-to-liquids, tar sands, the gasification coal, LNG, wind and hydrogen. "Williams, chief executive of Shell.
More than fifty companies and 100 universities currently have research on fuel algae.
The oil giant BP Plc and Martek Biosciences Corp. formed a partnership to study the use of algae to convert sugar into biodiesel.
However, the company does not currently have a microbe strain that performs that converts biomass into fuel.
However, the company does not currently have a microbe strain that performs that converts biomass into fuel.
LiveFuels, GreenFuel Technologies, Aquaflow bionomic PetroAlgae and are
considering the commercial production, Solazyme along with San Francisco-based, which
algas their announced fuels derived from microalgae became the first algae
biodieseis
American Society for Testing and Materials D-975 biodieseis to pass the American Society for Testing and Materials D-975
. specifications.Solazyme sugar feeds for the production of algae oil
. without the use of light. Sapphire Energy turns algae into renewable green oil
. diesel, gasoline and jet fuel., Startups such as Solix Biofuels headquartered in Fort Collins, CO, and LiveFuels, based in Menlo Park, CA, are trying to extract oil from algae.
Other oil companies like Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell and BP haveCascade Investment fundo investiu US Last year, Bill Gates' Cascade Investment fund has invested U.S. $ 50 million in Sapphire Energy, based in San Diego.
Other companies are working on ways to produce biofuels , photosynthetic algae, including Synthetic Genomics, based in La Jolla, California, which has signed an R & D agreement with ExxonMobil worth up to US$ 600 million. Efforts are focused on the extraction of oil, not ethanol
. .
The National Algae Association is a nonprofit organization that represents the algae researchers, producers and entrepreneurs who are focused on a growth of algae-based fuels industry and its co-products for
national security and green jobs.
FLORIDA
PetroAlgae of Melbourne, FL is developing technology to transform algae into biodiesel.
 |
| Biodiesel Stations in Florida from 2007 |
There are currently 13 biodiesel fueling stations in Florida, 1.8% of the national total. Did not exist before 2003.
In terms of energy from FDEP, 2006, the recommendations include
a provision of corporate sales and income tax incentives to improve
production, develop infrastructure for distribution and availability of fuels
clean, including biodiesel. To reduce costs and increase demand within the
state, the DEP recommends expansion of mass storage terminals
Main oil in Central and North Florida to allow companies
fuel blend of biodiesel in the chassis to enhance the market for biodiesel.
Projected trends
"The effectiveness of any of renewable energy technologies will be measured
(includ against a number of criteria: consumer acceptance, economic, social (including
... assembly and NIMBY issues) and environmental ...realistic rates of implementation of new
energy technologies actually depend on a number of factors: public, government,
social, storage, scalability and cost of infrastructure. "Williams Shell (32).
Genet Garamendi, Vice President / Corporate Communications for Solazyme,
said his company is on target to be the fuel economy for a barrel of
oil in 24 to 36 months (Article printing date: Feb 2009) (36).
We think commercial volumes of advanced biofuels could be in the market within five to 10 years.
To get there, we are investing in partnerships
(Like Iogen), focused on technological innovation and cost reduction innovations.
We are also working with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), political and
a industry coalitions to develop and promote global standards to ensure robust
sustainability of biofuels production. Mas também estamos trabalhando para But we are also working to
ensure that raw materials and conversion processes for biofuels, which buy today is as sustainable as possible. ""Shell executive of Williams (32).
Following a roundtable discussion with international experts of the Grand Challenges
the transition to sustainability organized by the Sustainability Program
Science at Harvard University, it was agreed that to see advances in the field of
biodiesel, biodiesel, the following steps that must be addressed.
Firstly, the industry
. would have to be developed. This can be achieved by investigating expanded and
development and implementation of government incentives to minimize impacts
a environmental and human and large national and multinational companies that hold responsibility.
Secondly, the world needs to undergo development
Storage and transport will be difficult in poorer countries. and public infrastructure would be established. This would be provided by companies international aid, bilateral and private, national governments in developing development banks to allow infra-structures to increase the
supply and integration of different areas of production and transportation of biodiesel. . private infrastructure must also be included. Interested private investors and loans from multinational companies and banks are the main stakeholders interested in direct private growth.
Thirdly, the rules and regulations should be established.
This includes the basic rules for the inclusion of emissions
greenhouse gas emissions and indirect impacts of land-use. The scientific community
international biofuel producing nations would be responsible for it.
Last but not least, the mandates and incentives should be imposed for
the U.S., EU and other powerful economic actors with the help of analysts
politicians.
CONCLUSION
Increased energy efficiency, conservation and diversification of supply are key measures essential to reduce the current power consumption.fuel efficiency is not, for example, have significantly altered by two
decades. The average of the fleet of 27.5 miles per gallon continues to be a product of
President Ford's legislation in the 1970s. Current proposals are classified as
four main categories: increasing the supply of oil, people decrease
demand for Middle Eastern oil through efficiency and alternative profit
the audit firm on oil, and wounded by subsidizing oil prices. In addition, a new CAP and trade policy, the integration of all emissions carbon at the federal level will help to inaugurate a new era of environmental management nationally and internationally. It is unlikely to see a global coalition of
training without strict regulation in the near future and present in the United States.
Energy policy is erratic and without a clear path out of dependency
combustíveis fósseis. fossil fuels. With the inclusion of the child adequate investment and the DOE
other government regulations, budding technologies such as biodiesel
algae pose to be a viable option for the future. Initiatives of the State where
no lack of federal initiatives, are currently providing most of the innovation in
alternative energy sector. After these ambitious goals are achieved, the
biodiesel from algae will begin to enter the consciousness of the Malaysian and globle people
as a logical and sensible method of mitigating carbon emissions and a springboard
for a sustainable future. Thank you
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